الوصف

Properties:
·         Ivermectin is derived from the avermectin, a family of the highly active broad-spectrum, anti-parasitic agents which are produced from fermentation of Streptomyces Avermitilis.
·         In roundworms, ivermectin stimulates the release of GABA from nerve endings and enhances binding of GABA to special receptors at nerve junctions, thus interrupting nerve impulses, paralyzing and killing the parasite.The enhancement of the GABA effect in arthropods resembles that in roundworms except that nerve impulses are interrupted between the nerve ending and the muscle cell. 
·         Ivermectin has no measurable effect against flukes or tapeworms, presumably because they do not have GABA as a nerve impulse transmitter. 
Recommended doses of ivermectin have a wide safety margin in livestock. The principal peripheral neurotransmitter in mammals, acetyl choline is unaffected by ivermectin. Ivermectin does not readily penetrate the central nervous system of mammals.
Indications :
IVERMECTIN injection is indicated for the treatment of infestation with the following parasites:
·         Cattle and Buffaloes: 
*- Gastrointestinal round worms: Adults and immature (fourth-stage larvae): Ostertagia ostertagi (including inhibited stage) Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum.
·         Adult Stages: Cooperia oncophora, C. punctata, Strongyloides papillosus, Oesophagostomum venulosum and Trichuris spp. 
·         Immature ( fourth-stage larvae) : 
Nematodirus spp.
*- Lung Worms: Dictyocaulus viviparus adults and immature.
*- Cattle Grubs: Parasitic stages of Hypoderma bovis and H. Lineatum.
*- Tropical Cattle Grubs: Parasitic stages of Dermatobia hominis.
*- Mites: Chorioptes bovis and Sarcoptes scabia var. bovis.
*- Lice: Linognathus vituli, Haematopinus eurysternus, Damalinia bovis and Solenopotes capillatus.
*- It also aids in the control of cattle ticks 
(Boophilus microplus).
·         Sheep and Goats:
*- Gastro-intestinal round worms:
Haemonchus contortus (adults and fourth-stage larvae), Haemonchus placei (adults), Ostertagia 
circumcincta (adults and fourth-stage larvae), Trichostrongylus axei (adults and fourth-stage larvae), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (adults and fourth-stage larvae), Cooperia curticei (adults and fourth-stage larvae), Cooperia oncophora (adults), Oesophagostomum columbianum (adults and fourth-stage larvae), Oesophagostomum venulosum (fourth-stage larvea), Nematodirus battus (adults and fourth-stage larvae), Nematodirus spathiger (adults and fourth-stage larvae), Strongyloides papillosus (adults), Chabertia ovina (adults) and Trichuris ovis (adults). 
*- Lung worms: Dictyocaulus filaria (adults and fourth-stage larvae).
*- Nasal Bots: Oestrus ovis (all larval stages).
·         Camel:
*- Gastrointestinal round worms: Haemonchus contortus (adult), Ostertagia spp. (adult), Trichostrongylus axei, T. Colubriformis, T.vitrinus, Oesophagostomum columbianum and Chabertia spp. 
*- Mange mites: Sarcoptes scabiei var cameli. A single injection to be given in case of S. Scabiei var cameli.
Pigs: Adults and larvae of Ascaris suum, Hyostrongylus rubidus, Oesophagostomum spp, and the lung worm Metastrongylus apri, in addition to the mange mite and suckling louse. The treatment of pregnant sows can block the trans-colostral transmission of Strongyloides ransomi to piglets. 
Its efficacy against Trichuris suis is ~*0%.

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