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• Liquefied Natural Gas ******7 (LNG)

Liquefied natural gas or LNG is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted temporarily to liquid form for ease of storage or transport.

Natural gas is composed primarily of methane, with varying elements of ethane, propane, butane and the progressively heavier hydrocarbons.

Small quantities of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulphur compounds and water may also be found.
Liquefied natural gas takes up about 1/**0th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state.
It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. Hazards include flammability, freezing and asphyxia.

Transforming natural gas into LNG is a complicated process.

The gas is first extracted and transported to a processing plant where it is purified by removing any condensates such as water, oil, mud, as well as other gases like CO2 and H2S and some times solids as mercury.

The gas is then cooled down in stages until it is liquefied. LNG is finally stored in storage tanks and can be loaded and shipped.

The liquefaction process involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream.

The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure (maximum transport pressure set at around *5 kPa/3.6 psi) by cooling it to approximately −**2 °C (−**0 °F).

In simple terms natural gas that comes to the liquefaction plant from a production source is treated to remove impurities before being cooled to a temperature of ***1°C.

The reduction in volume makes it much more cost efficient to transport over long distances where pipelines do not exist.

Where moving natural gas by pipelines is not possible or economical, it can be transported by specially designed cryogenic sea vessels (LNG carriers) or cryogenic road tankers.

The energy density of LNG is *0% of that of diesel fuel.

LNG SPECIFICATIONS: LNG GOST ******7 SPECIFICATIONS:

A. GROSS HEATING VALUE (VOLUME BASED)
Minimum: ***0Btu/SCF Maximum : ***0Btu/SCF

B. HYDROCARBON COMPOSITION AND NITROGEN CONTENT WITHIN THE FOLLOWING RANGE:
METHANE : *5.*0 MOL % Minimum
UTANES AND HEAVIER :2.0 MOL % Maximum
PENTANES AND HEAVIER : 0.*0 MOL % Maximum
NITROGEN : 1.*0 MOL % Maximum

C. IMPURITIES WITH THE FOLLOWING RANGE :
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE : 4.8MG/Nm3 maximum
Total Sulphur: *8.0 MG / Nm3 Maximum

• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), also called LPG or LP Gas, actually encompases 2 main gases propane (C3) or butane (C4) are flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles.
It is a clean-burning fossil fuel that can be used to power internal combustion engines. At normal temperature and pressure it is a gas but in a vessel under modest pressure it becomes a liquid. Varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixes that are primarily Propane or mixes that are primarily Butane.

LPG evaporates at normal temperatures and pressures. LPG is heavier than air and thus tends to settle in low spots, such as basements. This can cause ignition or suffocation hazards if not dealt with.

LPG-fueled vehicles can produce significantly lower amounts of some harmful emissions and the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). The international standard is EN **9.

LPG is usually less expensive than gasoline, it can be used without degrading vehicle performance, and most LPG used in U.S. comes from domestic sources. In Australia, LPG (Propane) is virtually supplied to all homes and businesses.

LPG is supplied in gas bottles that are either exchanged or refilled on site by gas tankers. LPG (Butane) is supplied to specific businesses whereby it has advantage over Propane. These applications are normally related to greenhouse and use as propellant in aerosols.

The chemical formula for butane is C4H*0. There is another mix -(Propane/Butane) called Autogas. This is the same LPG gas sold at petrol stations. Autogas LPG run vehicles and especially public bus and many private car owners have economic value as LPG cost is cheaper than petrol or diesel.

Another advantage is lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared with petrol or diesel. However the availability of LPG-fueled light-duty passenger vehicles is currently limited. A few light-duty vehicles—mostly larger trucks and vans—can be ordered from a dealer with a prep-ready engine package and converted to use propane.

Existing conventional vehicles can also be converted for LPG use. Since propane is stored as a liquid in pressurized fuel tanks rated to **0 psi, LPG conversions consist of installing a separate fuel system if the vehicle will run on both conventional fuel and LPG or a replacement fuel system for LPG-only operation.

Advantages of LPG

More than *0% of propane used in U.S. comes from domestic sources. Delhi (India) public transport bus service runs on LPG due to pollution issue.

In many countries now LPG driven public transport system is becoming mandatory. It is less expensive than gasoline. Low maintenance costs are one reason behind propane popularity for high-mileage vehicles.

Propane high octane and low-carbon and oil-contamination characteristics have resulted in greater engine life than conventional gasoline engines.

It is Environmentally friendly and reduces pollution with potentially lower toxic, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and non methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions.

Disadvantages of LPG

There are still logistic issues. Limited availability (a few large trucks and vans can be special ordered from manufacturers; other vehicles can be converted by certified installers).

It is lesser readily available than gasoline & diesel however new infrastructure is being mobilized.

It has fewer miles on a tank of fuel. Typically in fleet applications, propane costs less than gasoline and offers a comparable driving range to conventional fuel.

Although it has a higher octane rating than gasoline rating (**4 to **2 compared with *7 to *2 for gasoline), and potentially more horsepower, it has a lower Btu rating than gasoline, which results in lower fuel economy.